Creative Evolution · 24 of 50
II · Footnotes
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 51: This view of adaptation has been noted by M.F. Marin in a remarkable article on the origin of species, “L’Origine des espèces” (Revue scientifique, Nov. 1901, p. 580).]
[Footnote 52: De Saporta and Marion, L’Évolution des cryptogames, 1881, p. 37.]
[Footnote 53: On fixation and parasitism in general, see the work of Houssay, La Forme et la vie, Paris, 1900, pp. 721-807.]
[Footnote 54: Cope, op. cit. p. 76.]
[Footnote 55: Just as the plant, in certain cases, recovers the faculty of moving actively which slumbers in it, so the animal, in exceptional circumstances, can replace itself in the conditions of the vegetative life and develop in itself an equivalent of the chlorophyllian function. It appears, indeed, from recent experiments of Maria von Linden, that the chrysalides and the caterpillars of certain lepidoptera, under the influence of light, fix the carbon of the carbonic acid contained in the atmosphere (M. von Linden, “L’Assimilation de l’acide carbonique par les chrysalides de Lépidoptères,” C.R. de la Soc. de biologie, 1905, pp. 692 ff.).]
[Footnote 56: Archives de physiologie, 1892.]
[Footnote 57: De Manacéine, “Quelques observations expérimentales sur l’influence de l’insomnie absolue” (Arch. ital. de biologie, t. xxi., 1894, pp. 322 ff.). Recently, analogous observations have been made on a man who died of inanition after a fast of thirty-five days. See, on this subject, in the Année biologique of 1898, p. 338, the résumé of an article (in Russian) by Tarakevitch and Stchasny.]
[Footnote 58: Cuvier said: “The nervous system is, at bottom, the whole animal; the other systems are there only to serve it.” (“Sur un nouveau rapprochement à établir entre les classes qui composent le regne animal,” Arch. du Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Paris, 1812, pp. 73-84.) Of course, it would be necessary to apply a great many restrictions to this formula—for example, to allow for the cases of degradation and retrogression in which the nervous system passes into the background. And, moreover, with the nervous system must be included the sensorial apparatus on the one hand and the motor on the other, between which it acts as intermediary. Cf. Foster, art. “Physiology,” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edinburgh, 1885, p. 17.]
[Footnote 59: See, on these different points, the work of Gaudry, Essai de paléontologie philosophique, Paris, 1896, pp. 14-16 and 78-79.]
[Footnote 60: See, on this subject, Shaler, The Individual, New York, 1900, pp. 118-125.]
[Footnote 61: This point is disputed by M. René Quinton, who regards the carnivorous and ruminant mammals, as well as certain birds, as subsequent to man (R. Quinton, L’Eau de mer milieu organique, Paris, 1904, p. 435). We may say here that our general conclusions, although very different from M. Quinton’s, are not irreconcilable with them; for if evolution has really been such as we represent it, the vertebrates must have made an effort to maintain themselves in the most favorable conditions of activity—the very conditions, indeed, which life had chosen in the beginning.]
[Footnote 62: M. Paul Lacombe has laid great stress on the important influence that great inventions have exercised on the evolution of humanity (P. Lacombe, De l’histoire considérée comme science, Paris, 1894. See, in particular, pp. 168-247).]
[Footnote 63: Bouvier, “La Nidification des abeilles à l’air libre” (C.R. de l’Ac. des sciences, 7 mai 1906).]
[Footnote 64: Plato, Phaedrus, 265 E.]
[Footnote 65: We shall return to these points in the next chapter.]
[Footnote 66: We shall return to this point in chapter iii., p. 259.]
[Footnote 67: Matière et mémoire, chap. i.]
[Footnote 68: See the two works of Darwin, Climbing Plants and The Fertilization of Orchids by Insects.]
[Footnote 69: Buttel-Reepen, “Die phylogenetische Entstehung des Bienenstaates” (Biol. Centralblatt, xxiii. 1903), p. 108 in particular.]
[Footnote 70: Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, 3^e série, Paris, 1890, pp. 1-69.]
[Footnote 71: Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, 1ʳᵉ série, Paris, 3^e édition, Paris, 1894, pp. 93 ff.]
[Footnote 72: Fabre, Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques, Paris, 1882, pp. 14 ff.]
[Footnote 73: Peckham, Wasps, Solitary and Social, Westminster, 1905, pp. 28 ff.]
[Footnote 74: See, in particular, among recent works, Bethe, “Dürfen wir den Ameisen und Bienen psychische Qualitäten zuschreiben?” (Arch. f. d. ges. Physiologie, 1898), and Forel, “Un Aperçu de psychologie comparée” (Année psychologique, 1895).]
[Footnote 75: Matière et mémoire, chaps. ii. and iii.]
[Footnote 76: “Le Paralogisme psycho-physiologique” (Revue de métaphysique, Nov. 1904).]
[Footnote 77: A geologist whom we have already had occasion to cite, N.S. Shaler, well says that “when we come to man, it seems as if we find the ancient subjection of mind to body abolished, and the intellectual parts develop with an extraordinary rapidity, the structure of the body remaining identical in essentials” (Shaler, The Interpretation of Nature, Boston, 1899, p. 187).]